Language Reference-ARDUINO

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and constants), and functions.

Structure setup() loop() Control Structures if if...else for switch case while do... while break continue return goto Further Syntax ; (semicolon) {} (curly braces) // (single line comment) /* */ (multi-line comment) #define #include Arithmetic Operators = (assignment operator) +  (addition) - (subtraction) * (multiplication) / (division) % (modulo) Comparison Operators == (equal to) != (not equal to) < (less than) > (greater than) <= (less than or equal to) >= (greater than or equal to) Boolean Operators && (and) || (or) ! (not) Pointer Access Operators * dereference operator & reference operator Bitwise Operators & (bitwise and) | (bitwise or) ^ (bitwise xor) ~ (bitwise not) << (bitshift left) >> (bitshift right) Compound Operators ++ (increment) -- (decrement) += (compound addition) -= (compound subtraction) *= (compound multiplication) /= (compound division) &= (compound bitwise and) |= (compound bitwise or)

Variables Constants HIGH | LOW INPUT | OUTPUT | INPUT_PULLUP LED_BUILTIN true | false integer constants floating point constants Data Types void boolean char unsigned char byte int unsigned int word long unsigned long short float double string - char array String - object array Conversion char() byte() int() word() long() float() Variable Scope & Qualifiers variable scope static volatile const Utilities sizeof() PROGMEM

Functions Digital I/O pinMode() digitalWrite() digitalRead() Analog I/O analogReference() analogRead() analogWrite() - PWM Due only analogReadResolution() analogWriteResolution() Advanced I/O tone() noTone() shiftOut() shiftIn() pulseIn() Time millis() micros() delay() delayMicroseconds() Math min() max() abs() constrain() map() pow() sqrt() Trigonometry sin() cos() tan() Random Numbers randomSeed() random() Bits and Bytes lowByte() highByte() bitRead() bitWrite() bitSet() bitClear() bit() External Interrupts attachInterrupt() detachInterrupt() Interrupts interrupts() noInterrupts() Communication Serial Stream USB (Leonardo and Due only) Keyboard Mouse